Cascade diagrams for depicting complex interventions in randomised trials.

Manymedical interventions—particularly non-pharmacological ones—are complex, consisting of multiple interacting components targeted at different organisational levels. 2 Published descriptions of complex interventions often do not contain enough detail to enable their replication. Reports of behaviour change interventions should include descriptions of setting, mode, intensity, and duration, and characteristics of the participants. Graphical methods, such as that showing the relative timing of assessments and intervention components, may improve clarity of reporting. However, these approaches do not reveal the connections between the different “actors” in a complex intervention.Different audiences may want different things from a description of an intervention, but visualising relationships between actors can clarify crucial features such as the fidelity with which the intervention is passed down a chain of actors and possible routes of contamination between treatment arms. Herewe describe a new graphical approach—the cascade diagram—that highlights these potential problems. Hierarchical interventions